ABSTRACT: Sorghum breeding programs are based predominantly on developing homozygous lines to produce single cross hybrids, frequently with relatively narrow genetic bases. The adoption of complementary strategies, such as genetic diversity study, enables a broader vision of the genetic structure of the breeding germplasm. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of sorghum breeding lines using structure analysis, principal components (PC) and clustering analyses. A total of 160 sorghum lines were genotyped with 29,649 SNP markers generated by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). The PC and clustering analyses consistently divided the R (restorer) and B (maintainer) lines based on their pedigree, generating four groups. Thirty-two B and 21 R lines were used to generate 121 single-cross hybrids, whose performances were compared based on the diversity clustering of each parental line. The genetic divergence of B and R lines indicated a potential for increasing heterotic response in the development of hybrids. The genetic distance was correlated to heterosis, allowing for the use of markers to create heterotic groups in sorghum.

ABSTRACT The development of efficient and low-cost genotyping methods is essential to precise genetic characterization of cultivars. Here, we present a system based on fluorescently labeled universal tail sequence primers (UTSP) to resolve microsatellite (SSR) markers as an alternative for molecular fingerprinting of maize. A set of 20 SSRs using the UTSP presented an average polymorphic information content of 0.84, which provided a probability of random identity ranging from 10−7 to 10−14, and a minimum exclusion power of 99.99998 % in a group of 48 tropical maize single-cross hybrids traded in Brazil. The genetic diversity analysis based on multidimensional scaling explained approximately 28 % of the total variance for the first two coordinates, tending to group the hybrids according to their respective origin. Additionally, this genotyping system presented a high distinctiveness capacity, which is widely recommended for genetic purity and fingerprinting analyses. Thus, this marker system has a strong potential as a tool for complementary analysis of distinguishability, uniformity and stability required for cultivar registration.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi validar a associação de marcadores moleculares do tipo "single nucleotide polymorphism" (SNP) para os genes FAD3A, FAD3B e FAD3C com o conteúdo de ácido linolênico (18:3) em sementes de soja e analisar a influência dos parâmetros genéticos destes marcadores nesta característica. Foram genotipadas 185 progênies F2 derivadas do cruzamento entre A29 (mutante para os três genes FAD3, 1% de 18:3) e Tucunaré (genótipo selvagem, 11% de 18:3). Os marcadores moleculares para os genes FAD3A, FAD3B e FAD3C explicaram a variação do conteúdo de 18:3 nas populações segregantes F2 e F2:3. Além disso, as substituições alélicas no loco FAD3A proporcionam maiores variações no conteúdo de 18:3 que as substituições nos outros dois locos.

The objective of this work was to validate the association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for the genes FAD3A, FAD3B, and FAD3C with the linolenic acid content (18:3) in soybean seeds and to analyze the influence of the genetic parameters of these markers on this trait. One hundred and eighty‑five F2 progenies derived from a cross between A29 (mutant for the three FAD3 genes, 1% 18:3 content) and Tucunaré (wild‑type genotype, 11% 18:3 content) were genotyped. The molecular markers for genes FAD3A, FAD3B, and FAD3C explained the variations in 18:3 content of the F2 and F2:3 segregating populations. In addition, allelic substitutions in the FAD3A locus provide greater variations in 18:3 content than substitutions in the other two loci.

Uma das principais dificuldades para a compreensão das pesquisas em empresas familiares é a ausência de consenso sobre uma definição stricto sensu, sendo as existentes baseadas em diferentes perspectivas e critérios. A partir desta constatação, este artigo tem como objetivo discutir conceitos e definições, a começar de uma análise da produção científica a respeito do tema, englobando todos os artigos publicados nos eventos da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração (Anpad) - EnAnpad, Eneo, 3ES e EnGPR - e nos periódicos RAC, RAE, Rausp e O&S, no período de 1961 a 2009, de acordo com a disponibilidade em seus sítios, além de pesquisas realizadas nas bibliotecas da FGV. Entre os resultados obtidos, evidencia-se que a cada definição que surge, novos trabalhos apresentam lacunas e vieses que ainda se mostram insuficientes para se chegar, pelo menos, a um consenso e, geralmente, sua validade fica limitada a determinada realidade. Como no caso das pesquisas norte-americanas, as brasileiras tendem a demorar mais para alcançar o processo de amadurecimento e de consolidação de uma definição que seja consensual entre os especialistas. Por ser uma área de estudos recente, é possível compreendê-la, porém ainda é muito difícil conceituar essas organizações.

One of the major difficulties for the understanding of research in family businesses is the lack of consensus on a definition for stricto senso, with current ones based on different perspectives and criteria. From this observation, this article aims to discuss concepts and definitions, beginning with an analysis of scientific production on the subject, covering all articles published in the events of Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração (Anpad) - EnAnpad, Eneo, 3Es and EnGPR - and in journals RAC, SAR, Rausp and O&S from 1961 to 2009, according to the availability in their sites, as well as surveys in the FGV's libraries. Among the results, it is clear that with each definition that comes up, new projects present gaps and biases that, still, are shown as insufficient to arrive at least at consensus, and that generally, their validity is limited to a certain reality. As in the case of North American research, Brazilian ones tend to take longer to achieve the process of maturation and consolidation of a definition that is a consensus among experts. Since it's an area of recent studies, it is possible to understand it, however, it is still very difficult to conceptualize these organizations.

A soja contém fatores antinutricionais proteicos, inibidores de proteases e lectinas, que limitam o seu uso na alimentação humana e animal. Com a finalidade de reduzir os teores destes antinutricionais na semente de soja, foi desenvolvida uma linhagem sem Inibidor de Tripsina Kunitz (KTI) e Lectina (LEC), pelo Programa de Melhoramento da Qualidade da Soja do BIOAGRO, da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal a caracterização bioquímico-nutricional dessa linhagem. Foram avaliadas a qualidade nutricional da proteína e as alterações morfológicas no intestino de ratos Wistar alimentados com dietas à base de soja e de caseína. A atividade de inibição de tripsina nos genótipos KTI+LEC+ (Variedade de soja comercial Monarca) foi cerca de 2,8 vezes a do genótipo KTI-LEC- (Isolinha de Monarca livre de KTI e LEC). Os resultados dos valores de PER, NPR e NPU foram melhores na variedade comercial após processamento térmico. A digestibilidade proteica da soja KTI-LEC- foi superior à da variedade comercial. Os valores de digestibilidade para os animais alimentados com dieta à base de farinha de soja KTI-LEC- processada termicamente foram próximos aos observados para animais alimentados com dieta à base de caseína. Verificou-se, também, que os animais alimentados com a soja KTI+LEC+ apresentaram maior nível de alterações na morfologia das microvilosidades intestinais, quando comparados àqueles alimentados com a soja KTI-LEC-. A retirada genética do KTI e LEC teve um impacto positivo na digestibilidade das proteínas da soja, no entanto não melhorou a sua qualidade nutricional.

Soybean seeds contain protein anti-nutritional factors, protease inhibitors, and lectins, which limit their use in human and animal nutrition. Aiming to reduce these factors in soybean seeds, a genotype devoid of Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor (KTI) and Lectin (LEC) was developed by the Breeding Program for Soybean Quality of the Biotechnology Institute (BIOAGRO) of the Federal University of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The present work aimed at the biochemical and nutritional characterization of this soybean genotype. The protein nutritional quality and intestinal morphological alterations were determined in Wistar rats fed with diets based on soy flour and casein. The trypsin inhibitory activity in normal genotype KTI+LEC+ was approximately 2.8 times greater than that of the KTI-LEC- genotype. The PER, NPR, and NPU values obtained after thermal treatment were better for the commercial variety than those of the KTI-LEC- genotype. The protein digestibility of the KTI-LEC- soybean was higher than that of the commercial genotype KTI+LEC+. The digestibility values in animals fed with thermally treated KTI-LEC- soybean flour was close to that observed in animals fed with casein. The animals fed with thermally treated KTI+LEC+ soybean flour also presented higher levels of morphological alterations in their intestinal vilosities when compared to those fed with KTI-LEC- soybean flour. It can be concluded that the genetic elimination of KTI and LEC positively impacted soybean protein digestibility, however, there was no improvement on its nutritional value.